Nature of East Kazakhstan

East Kazakhstan region occupies the south-western part of the Altai (Altay Kazakhstan), Zaysanskuyu depression, Kalbinskoe Highlands, the ridges Saur-Tarbagatai, Priirtyshskuyu plains and the eastern part of the Kazakh melkosopochnika (Egorina AV, Zinchenko Shafranik, Zinchenko E.S ., 2002).
Eastern Kazakhstan oblast (WSO) was created in 1932 Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 3 May 1997 in its border territory included abolished Semipalatinsk region.
EBA in the new borders lies in the basin upstream of Irtysh, which divides it into left-bank and pravoberezhnuyu part. Currently, it covers an area of 283.3 thousand square kilometres. km, extending from north to south at 6 degrees from 48 to 51 ° N and almost 10 on the west to east between 77 and 87 degrees east longitude The extreme north point coordinates of the area has 51 o04 / southern - 45 of 50 / Oriental - 87 o20 / E In this area freely could accommodate three States of Europe, Bulgaria, Greece and Albania.
East Kazakhstan borders in the north with Russia, our neighbour to the east is the People's Republic of China. In southern borders with the Almaty region, in the West - with the Pavlodar and Karaganda regions.
Field is the fifth time zone (Moscow - in the second).
A special, unique geographical location IRR is that it is located deep inside the largest continent - Eurasia in its central part, on the border of the great plains - Western Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. There is pole continentality planet and the geographic center of Eurasia. A variety of natural conditions and resources beneficial to its economic development.
East Kazakhstan rests with the great waterway Ob-Irtysh related rail and road thoroughfares to the surrounding provinces of the Republic, with developed in economic and cultural relations States.
Within the IRR for new borders allocated 14 administrative districts and territory of 4 subordinate maslikhat cities. The regional center - Ust-Kamenogorsk.
In the western part of a major area of historical, scientific, cultural and industrial center is the city of Semipalatinsk.

Nature EBA diverse and in many ways unique. Contrast - one of its main features. The amplitude of terrain varies in the range from 145 to 4500 m above sea level (city Belukha, 4506 m).
There clearly manifested law vertical zone climate, vegetation, soils.
Geology territory EBA very difficult and varied. The age of rocks, forming territory area, from there to silura contemporary. The most common breed related to devonskomu Paleozoic period, and coal, at that time formed the most significant deposits of polymetals (lead, copper, zinc, silver, etc.), rare metals (tin, tungsten) and gold.
Altaiskaya Mountains emerged Palaeozoic era, in the late Devonian period, about 400 million years ago. Then mountain facilities dismantled, and in the Mesozoic era in the field of mountains formed a vast plain (started Mesozoic era 230 million years ago and lasted for 163 million years).
Modern mountain terrain area, a territory as a result of subsequent Elevations in early kaynozoyskoy era. Svodovy rises had a block and character. The maximum point Elevations noted in the north-east area (city of Belukha, 4506 m).
In the Quaternary period kaynozoyskoy era subjected to repeated Altai mountains glaciation, which not only preserved glacial deposits, but also a peculiar form of relief.
Modern glaciation widely developed only on the ridge of high mountain ranges.

The terrain is complex and diverse field: in the left-bank part of it is flat, or predgorny melkosopochny hilly-and, in pravoberezhnoy - mountain.
In the West subregion allocated relief following major natural-territorial units (PTK) (Fig.1): Priirtyshskaya plains, mountains Chigiztau, Kokpektinsko-Charsky hills, ridges system Saur-Tarbagatai, Zaysanskaya Alakolskaya and depression. Every major software includes a set of lower rank.
For the West sub-region is characterized by the following types of terrain: flat, predgorny, melkosopochny, low, middle and high elevations (Saur-PDG), as well as vnutrigornye depression. The forms of relief: the surface equalization erosion restaurant, River Valley.
Northwest subregion busy plain spaces Priirtyshya Semipalatinsk. The plains constitute the southern outskirts of the West Siberian Plain. -- This Kulundinskaya and Priirtyshskaya plains.

Semipalatinsk has Priirtyshe flat terrain, but even these places are compounded flat surface uvalami vast loess (Balopan - 351 meters, Belagachsky - 420 meters, etc.). Their absolute height ranges from 200 to 400 metres, and the relative does not exceed 50-100 m. River reaches here at the height of 4-5 m. The bulk of the swamped. Frequently encountered oxbow lakes. Modern Irtysh track width is about 0.3 - 0.5 km. The bed heavily winding, with the abundance aground, islands, sand and pebble braid.
On the right Irtysh northeast of the city of Semipalatinsk protyagivaetsya sand ridge enshrined pine forest.
South of Semipalatinsk flat terrain Priirtyshya verge changes, which gradually turns into a show of Kalbinskogo hilly mountain ridge.
Kokpektinsko-Charsky hills is a hilly terrain with absolute marks from 400-500 to 800-900 m and the relative excess amount to between 20 and 250 m. All the little hills are divided. The slopes of hills generally flat, but the ground form arrays island mountains. such as Semey-Tau (606 m), Degelen (1085 m), Arkalyk (507 m), Delbegetey (730 m), Kandygatay (1082 m), etc.
Low mountains Semey-Tau (d. Karakus, 606 m)) located on the left bank of the Irtysh, south-west of Semipalatinsk, and between Shagana Mukyra. They represent the low, but in places quite steep granite massif, more than 10 kilometres wide.
Norte extension hr. Chingiz Degelen mountains are low (1085 m). Degelen complex gertsinskimi granites domed hills, and represents about 10 kilometres across. In the north-west of Degelena upland plain poorly located.
In the middle of the Kazakh melkosopochnika from northwest to southeast of Degelena extend low mountains Chingiztau: 91152 North Ridge Kanchingiz m), the median - Chingiztau (d. Kosbastau, 1077 m), Southern - Akshatau. The highest point - 1305 m. Altai mountains from these ridges separated by the river valley. Char, and the south-east and east of the foothills adjacent to the Tarbagatai and Zaysanskoy Hollow.
Gore Chingiztau are well marked ancient surfaces alignment - peneplenami.
North-eastern slopes of the mountains are very steep, rocky. And in the south-west, they go down the slope of shallow - uvalami.
In the east of Chingiztau, in the river basin and Char Kokpekty extends Kokpektinsko-Charsky hills. Peculiarities of its terrain is heavily divided upland slopes and flat as flat and wide downward. Within melkosopochnika allocated separate hills: Mount Arkaly, Saryzhal, Marzhik, Kushmurun and others their absolute height ranges from 400 to 800 meters, and the only individual peaks reached 900-1000 m (d. Sagymzhol, 1215 m).
K-Kokpektinsko Charskomu smallest in the east adjoins mezhgornaya Zaysanskaya Depression. Within the IRR Gap protyagivaetsya at 120 km in length and the same in width. Its terrain is a flat plain with absolute height from 400 to 480 m. The surface of the plains weakly bent to the center, where the lake is located. Zaisan. It lies with the app. 382 m.
Relief plain repetitive. Sometimes he violated flat hills in the form of horsts, typical dry ravines. Therefore elevations are issued in the form of indiscriminate mountain towers and domes separated by vast clay and clay-shingle agriculture.
In the east Zaysanskoy depression in the left-bank part of the Irtysh large areas occupied by eolian sands in the form of bumps and dunes. The plains crossed by ancient waterways.
In the south adjacent to the cavity Zaysanskoy latitude-stretched system with a height of mountains Tarbagataya 1600 - 3722.6 m. At Watersheds Ridge perfectly preserved penepleny - relics of ancient surfaces. They attach to flat tops of ridges shape.
The system ranges Tarbagataya is a watershed basins and lakes Zaysana Sassykolya-Alakolya.
The northern slopes of ridges more flat than the south. The terrain ranges contrast: tops leveled, flat. A cut slopes uschelistymi valleys.
Between Manrak ranges in the north and the south is Tarbagatae flat Chiliktinskaya mezhgornaya Depression. Absolute marks are 1100 m.
Within the East Kazakhstan region is the eastern and north-eastern part of a broad-Balkhash Alakolskoy depression, which is the intermountain anticline and is limited to ridges and Chingiz Tarbagatay.

In relief Balkhash-Alakolskaya Depression - flat plain lake, located on the app. 340-600 m above sea level and Lake Alakol and occupied ones. U foothills Tarbagataya - it schebnisto-pebbled plain, and in part priozernoy - sand and clay. Scattered on the plain raises low elevation mountains (Arkaly, 850 meters, etc.). Frequently encountered dry bed of ancient rivers (rivers downstream Bakanas, Ayaguz, etc.). They affect its lifeless appearance. Water Thereof occurs only at the beginning, where it has not yet managed to escape into the soil.

Thus, the West subregion has significant differences in the surface of the device: it is plain space south-west of Western Siberia, shed foothills Sevro-Altai, and Western Kalby, Kazakh melkosopochnika arrays, part-Balkhash Alakolskoy Zaysanskoy and troughs and ridges Tarbagatai.

According to the geological structure and peculiarities of terrain in the East subregion allocated 5 of the largest Landscape complexes (PTK): Central, Western (Rudny) and the Southern Altai, Kalbinskoe Highlands (Kalba) Zaysanskaya Depression, mountains Saur-Tarbagatai. In each of them as a result of the interaction of various external and internal processes and phenomena of nature-formed territorial complexes of lower rank - types and forms of relief.

Western (Rudny) Altay located on the right between the Irtysh and Naryma Uby. Earned its name from the exceptional wealth of non-ferrous metal ores. Consists of West Altai mountain ridges, elongated in the north-westerly direction: Listvyaga, Holzun, and the Tigireksky Koksuysky. They are moving away to the west rays Ubisnky ridges, and the Ulba Ivanovski. Almost in the latitudinal direction protyanulsya Buhtarminsky low ridge. Peaks mountains mostly flat or rounded, less sharp and rocky. The highest point in the West Altai - Higher-protein Ivanovski (2776 m). Hills and mountains alternate with depression, creating a ridge-hilly terrain, which is particularly relevant for the region and Shemonaihinskogo Zyryanovskoy depression.
Southern Altay separated from the West (QAA)-juniper Narymo Buhtarminskoy depression. It starts from the mountain knot Tabyn-Bogdo-Olo, consists of ridges, which are divided blizshirotnoe extent and intermountain hollows.
From west to east ridges are: Narymsky, Sarym-Sakty, Tarbagatay. Kurchumsky ridges stretching south and the Southern Altai. Marakakol Lake from the south flanked hr. Blocked. Maximum height in the southern Altai reach 2800-3600 m. The highest point of 3871 meters (d. Berkutaul). In its ridges allocated two point mountain glaciers. Here well-preserved ancient surface alignment and elevation alpine zone.
Central Altay in the East Kazakhstan includes ridges Katunsky, Holzun, Listvyagu, Chindagatuyskie mountains to the river basin. Berel, south of the Ukok plateau, and the source of the river. Buchtarma. For Katunskogo Ridge has well expressed alpine terrain with up to 4506 m height (d. Belukha, East summit).
Kalbinskoe Highlands (Kalba) located on the left bank of the Irtysh river valleys between Kokpekty, Bukon and Czar. Highland has elevated type blocks with a flat wavy pinnacle.
Ridge protyagivaetsya to 230 km in length. Its maximum width is 50-70 km. The highest point, Mount considered Sary-Shock (1608 m). Kalby low terrain, with steep slopes. Arrays Mountains, folded granites are prichudlivy peculiar shape.
The system ranges Saur-Tarbagatai. In this system the highest ridge Saur. Its highest peak - Mount Muztau (3816 m), on top of which there are glaciers. At altitudes of 2000 - 2400 m found ancient surface aligned. At these locations, they are called "regio" or "saury." Along Sauru Saykan there is a small ridge. Saura is a spur West Ridge Manrak. It reaches a height of 2058 m.
In geologically hr. PDG is a series of blocks, raised at different height. Peaks Ridge flat without glaciation and reach heights of 2000 - 2500 m. Characterized by mountainous terrain of East subregion is a block, step-by-step structure with the flat peaks ridges and the intermountain depressions.

The climate of East Kazakhstan transition from moderately to severely continental mainland. Due to the complexity and diversity of mountain terrain in the eastern half of the area, climatic conditions Landscape complexes East subregion increasingly subject to the law of vertical zone, and the West - latitudinal zones.
Seasonality primarily attributable to the proceeds of solar radiation conditions in temperate latitudes.
For clarity of the sky and the number of hours of sunshine East Kazakhstan surpasses the European part of the territory of the Commonwealth countries on the same latitude.
The radiation balance is negative in the winter, anticyclonic weather contributes to the type of intense vyholazhivaniyu territory kUV has low temperatures. Thus, in the Herald and in the foothill plains average January temperatures ranging from minus 17 ° C to 22. On the mountain slopes from minus 13 ° C to 15. In the mountain hollows of minus 24 ° C to 27. When traction from the north in the area could experience a frost to minus 40-55 ° C (January 1969, November 1987, January and February 2001.).
Most cold winter place in our area is a closed basin of the Oryol region Clause Orlovsky (Kurchumsky district), where the average January temperature is about minus 27, and the absolute minimum - minus 56 ° C.
Most warm winter has occurred on the slopes of the Altai Mountains West, the city weather Ridder. -- The average temperature in January is 12.7 ° C minus.
Most warm place in the EBA summer - Zaysanskaya Alakolskaya and depression: the average temperature in July is +23 on there, and absolute maximum +42 oC (Bakhty weather).
Features temperature regime EBA manifest and vertical zones.
Surge continental climate of the area is also attributed to large amplitudes and subsistence annual temperatures. Annual temperatures in amplitude with. Shanagatty (ex. with. Orlovka) is 43, in Zyryanovske - 42. At the foothill plains Priirtyshya it equals 36-37, on the mountain slopes - about 30 oC.
The distribution of rainfall in the territory of the region depends on many factors. The complex terrain of East Kazakhstan contributes highly unequal distribution of rainfall. There is a general pattern in their distribution: the amount of precipitation increases in the direction from south to north and from west to east. On the mountain slopes, they are increasing with height.
The annual amount of precipitation territory IRR varies from 119 to 220 mm in the southern and central parts of Zaysanskoy Alakolskoy and hollows. Do 200-280 mm in areas Kokpektinsko-Charskogo melkosopochnika Priirtyshya and steppe zone. At the foothill plains of the West Altai - from 300 to 450 mm. A high in the mountains reach the 2000 - 2500 mm. At the southern Altai they could fall to 1200 - 1500 mm.
Gore become an obstacle or a kind of barrier to the air masses.
The most wetted area of the East Kazakhstan region is the river. Male Ulby, where annual rainfall amount 1500-2000 mm. According gidrometeosluzhby in 1979 totalled them up to 4000 mm.
A large humidification of the Altai region of the West and confirmed the existence of glaciers. Other areas of high rainfall located in the South Central and Altai.
At the direction of the mountains to the valley Irtysh rainfall decreases dramatically. On average during Buhtarmy they are only 400 mm. In the Eastern part of the higher precipitation Kalby reach 700-800 mm, and in the foothills reduced to 300-400 mm.

Inland waters. Inland besstochnomu Alakolskomu-Balkhash basin.
   According to the Water inventory in EBA there are more than 1200 rivers. Of those 855 lengths of 10 to 100 km. And only 20 rivers have    a length of 100 km.
   The main waterway area - the river Irtysh. He shared the territory of the area on the left bank and right. On his way Irtysh takes    numerous    tributaries. Most are mnogovodnymi pravoberezhnye: Bukhtarma, Ulba, Uba. Leveberezhnye, mainly originate at Kalbe    and Chingiztau. They are very small in length - is Kuludzhun, Kaindy, Peschanka, Tainty, Ulanka, Ablaketka, Kizilsu, Shar, Mukur,    Shagan and others
   In the southern area of significant water arteries are rivers Bakanas, Ayaguz, Urdzhar, Emel. They originate on the southern slopes of    mountains and Western Chingiz Tarbagatai and flow in the direction of Lake Balkhash, Alakol Sasykkol, Uyaly. In side Irtysh many    small rivers flow. Many of them disappear into the loose sediments at the foot of mountains or disassembled for irrigation.
   A characteristic feature of the lowland rivers of the West subregion, such as Shagan, Aschisu, Mukur, etc. is bastions watersheds. In    addition, within river basins drainless allocated plots where depressions and hollows accumulate and melt water formed lakes, and    enclosed litter.
   In the EBA has about 2000 lakes. Their 1003 Lake them are the size of one hectare or more. Large Lakes - 18. The territory they are    located irregularly. Most of them are located in the northern part. Large - in the south in the intermountain valleys and troughs. In the    mountains are many small lakes. The depth of 2 to 20 m, but it reaches some 30 metres or more. Thus, the maximum depth of Lake.    Alakol is 54 m, Ulmeis (from the group Sibinskih) - 38 m, Rahmanovskogo - 30 m Markakolya - 27 m.
   Under the terms of lake water are divided into drainless periodically waste, waste and running. Most lakes drainless, fed by    precipitation, groundwater and glaciers. Depending on the degree of mineralization of the lake fresh and slightly.
   largest lakes are: Zaisan, Alakol Markakol, Sasykkol, Zhalanashkol.